Motivating and Retaining Community Health Workers: The 2011 Annual CBPHC-WG workshop

By: Dr. Paul Freeman

Prior to the recent APHA Annual Meeting, the CBPHC-WG held a day long workshop focusing on Community Health Workers. There were over 110 attendees including presenters and organizers. This was the largest workshop our group has held in the 13 years we have been conducting these workshops. It was a great feeling to see APHA functioning at its best in providing a venue where those from MCHIP, CORE group, academics, members of other NGOs, not-for-profit and for-profit organizations and consultants could share their views in an open, mutually respectful environment and learn from each other. This year JSI personnel, under the leadership of Mary Carnell, worked in partnership with Working Group members in all stages of workshop planning and implementation. The work of Agnes Guyon (who lead the workshop), Sandee Minovi and Kimberley Farnham, all from JSI, and our own Sandy Hoar, Vina Hulamm, Melissa Freeman, Laura and David Paragon, Tonio Martinez and Larry Casazza were outstanding.

Leban Tsuma MCHIP leading. Photo credit: Paul Freeman.

Our norms were: use of an evidence-based approach, the right for all participants to be heard and for their viewpoints to be respected. At this time, renewed attention is being given to the role of CHWs with recognition becoming more widespread now that the Millennium Development Goals, especially those for women and children, cannot be met without community involvement.  The 8 large group presentations and 16 small group discussion sessions covered well a wide range of perspectives on CHW motivation, retention and performance. I am sure some participants were being exposed to different points of view from their own for the first time.

Samuel Yalew, Urban Health Extension Project/JSI (Ethiopia) leading. Photo credit: Paul Freeman.

I would especially like to highlight the area of internal motivation of CHWs. Through Pink’s book “Drive” many of us are becoming acquainted with the “modern” approach to the importance of autonomy, mastery and purpose in motivation. Yet several NGO presentations, such as those by Tom Davis of Care Groups and Connie Gates of Jamkhed, demonstrated that these elements have already been addressed by NGOs for decades as appropriate to local circumstances.

Sarah Shannon from Hesperian facilitating. Photo credit: Paul Freeman

Melissa and I will prepare a report of the workshop to be disseminated early next year. There were many lessons to learn from conducting this workshop that should remain with the International Health Section for years to come. One of the key lessons was that with enough goodwill and cooperation from individual members – things work best with at least 8 volunteers for such an event – memorable events can be implemented by the Section. With enough “hands” each contributing a relatively small amount, things go much more smoothly than if all sit back waiting for a few to do all the work.

Paul Freeman is a physician with advanced training in tropical disease control and general public health, health personnel education, and health program management and evaluation. He has over two and a half decades of experience in capacity building and the design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of primary health care, child survival and malaria control programs in developing countries and for deprived rural indigenous populations in developed countries. He is a Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Washington School of Global Health and the Chair-Elect of the International Health Section.

Strengthening of Public Health Associations (SOPHA) Evaluation

By: Dr. Paul Freeman

For 25 years the Canadian Public Health Association, with support from the American Public Health Association, has been facilitating ongoing processes to establish and/or strengthen Public Health Associations in developing countries. In November 2011, SOPHA has organized a mission to evaluate its program through field visits to three countries currently receiving assistance and through the results of a questionnaire answered in 5 other country partner Associations. Omar Khan and I were part of this evaluation process through field visits to Nicaragua, Mozambique and Congo Brazzaville. I accompanied Drs Henri Delatour and Deo Sekimpi to the Congo. It was inspiring to see how enthusiastic the members of the local Public Health Association – L’Association Congolese Pour La Santé Publique et Communautaire (ACSPC) – were. In the midst of poverty they devoted a lot of their own time to establish their association and to conduct ongoing activities that established the credibility of their organization with the community and government.

We huddle to discuss Public Health Association business. Photo credit: Paul Freeman.

The SOPHA program has resulted in both individual and group capacity strengthening and knowledge sharing.  Formal training was given in key aspects of strategic planning and project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. SOPHA support of participation in international conferences and networking improved the profile of the organization and led to learning through sharing. In 2008 and 2010 ACSPC organized scientific conferences where different stakeholders participated. ACSPC members have built both personal and institutional capacity by attended many international meetings.  ACSPC also collaborated with municipal and national health authorities, thus contributing to strengthening the health system at those levels.  The projects contributed to public health capacity building across many health programs, such as sanitation, immunization, road safety, TB control, HIV/AIDS control and malaria control.

They appreciate what can be achieved through association. Photo credit: Paul Freeman.

Institutional capacities were adequately strengthened and they are sufficient to ensure sustainability in the short term, but better fund raising activities are needed for the mid to long term. The ACSPC staff were trained on results based management (RBM) tools which were applied in the development of project plans.   New knowledge was applied in financial management to prepare annual, midterm and final financial reports to CPHA, and strategic planning was used to prepare the strategic plan 2012-2016. Funding is not sufficient; the association is using the skills and tools acquired with the SOPHA program to look for other donors and prepare projects.

Supplying latrines and clean water to schools, a typical project. Photo credit: Paul Freeman

There were several key lessons learned. SOPHA capacity building contributes to increase the confidence and the credibility of the association. Advocacy needs to be undertaken to increase the involvement of other health professionals (doctors, nurses) and government officials in the association and develop their interest for public health issues. The main challenge and issue for project implementation was that the multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral dimension of public health is not yet understood by many stakeholders and decision makers and, partly as a consequence of this, there are few doctors, nurses, or government (Ministry of Health and local health authority) members in ACSPC.

We talked for hours, often by gaslight in small rooms – their offices – in just adequate private housing, that we reached through dirt streets awash with water from recent rain. It was heartening to see what had been achieved and how these pioneer members, with only a few trained health professionals amongst their numbers, had established and barely kept afloat, their own Public Health Associations. Perhaps we could establish links with them for solidarity and to support their growing skill and knowledge base.

Paul Freeman is a physician with advanced training in tropical disease control and general public health, health personnel education, and health program management and evaluation. He has over two and a half decades of experience in capacity building and the design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of primary health care, child survival and malaria control programs in developing countries and for deprived rural indigenous populations in developed countries. He is a Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Washington School of Global Health and the Chair-Elect of the International Health Section.

Community Health Workers: What needs to be done to help these vital workers to be most effective and sustainable? (CBPHC Workshop)

Updated September 10: Below, please find the announcement for the Community-Based Primary Health Care Working Group’s annual workshop. The CBPHC-WG holds this workshop each year on Saturday before APHA’s annual meeting in October/November.


Community Health Workers: What needs to be done to help these vital workers to be most effective and sustainable?

Community-Based Primary Health Care (CBPHC) Working Group
13th Annual Pre-APHA Annual Conference Workshop
Washington DC Convention Center Room WCC 204A
Saturday, October 29, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Currently there is an emphasis on mobilizing community health workers as part of strengthening health services in developing countries in an attempt to help them better meet their health Millennium Development Goals. However, the mobilization of CHWs is not a new approach in itself. Anyone who has worked in developing countries for several years can relate stories about projects that included CHWs that did not motivate CHWs to practice well enough for long enough to produce sustained outcomes. What can we do now so that we can maximize the possibility of success of current projects in this regard?

This workshop is being facilitated through the collaboration of John Snow Incorporated and the CBPHC Working group. Through presentations from current experts from MCHIP and other experienced health practitioners, we will deal with the focal question of this workshop and grapple with current solutions. Workshop presentations will cover key interventions underway through the USAID Health Care Improvement Project, recommendations coming from the Earth Institute One Million Community Health Workers Technical Advisory Committee, recent findings concerning worker motivation and experience from a good cross section of JSI and NGO field practitioners.

Key presenters include Steve Hodgins, Serge Raharison, Ram Shestra and Leban Tsuma from MCHIP; Mary Carnell from JSI; Mary Anne Mercer from University of Washington; and Dory Storms and Henry Perry from Johns Hopkins University. The CORE group and NGOs are well represented through presentations by experienced experts such as Karen LeBan, Judy Lewis, Tom
Davis, Damaris Batista, Laura Altobelli and Connie Gates. Discussion and dialogue both in small and large group sessions specifically designed to stimulate input from participants will be a key part of our program. So please join us for a day of interesting, informative and enlivening discussion. REGISTER EARLY to not miss out.

To register contact: Sandy Hoar, Assistant Clinical Professor of Healthcare Sciences and Global Health, George Washington University (npaseh@gwumc.edu). Please put “CBPHC” in your e-mail heading. The only fee is $25 ($20 for students), payable at the door. To facilitate planning, please
register ASAP (the deadline is October 22nd)
and indicate if you will
be joining us for dinner afterwards at your own expense. For further
information contact: Sandy Hoar or Paul Freeman (freeman.p.a@att.net), Chairman of the IH Section’s CBPHC-WG.